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A dministr at or ’ s Gui de Quick Time Streaming Ser ver Dar win Streaming Ser ver LL0329.book Page 1 Wednesday, November 20, 2002 2:09 PM.
K Apple Computer , Inc. © 2002 Apple Computer , Inc. All rights reserved. The owner or authorized user of a valid copy of QuickTime Streaming Server and Dar win Streaming Server software may reproduce this publication for the purpose of learning to use such sof tware.
3 Contents Preface QuickTime Streaming 7 What Is Streaming? 7 About Streaming Servers 7 Live V ersus On-Demand Deliver y 8 Simple Setup for Live Video 8 How Does Streaming W ork? 9 Multicast V ersus U.
4 Contents Viewing Streaming Status 22 Starting or Stopping Streaming Service 22 W orking With Connected Users 22 Changing Server Settings 23 Controlling QuickTime Broadcaster Remotely 23 W orking Wit.
Contents 5 Security 39 Resetting the Streaming Server Admin User Name and Password 39 Controlling Access to Streamed Media 40 Creating an Access File 40 What Clients Need to Access Protected Media 42 .
6 Contents Setting It Up 57 Creating a W eb Page for Easy Access 65 Shooting the Live Presentation 66 Archiving the Live Presentation 66 Glossary 69 Index 77 LL0329.
7 PREFACE QuickTime Streaming The focus of this guide is QuickTime Streaming Server (QTS S) and Dar win Streaming Ser ver (DSS). But before getting into the details of QTS S and DS S, it may be helpful to lear n what streaming is all about and to get an overview of the total streaming solution provided by the QuickTime suite of products.
8 Preface F or small audiences, the same computer can run web ser ver sof tware, mail server sof tware, and streaming server sof tware. For lar ger audiences, one or more computers typically are dedicated to acting purely as streaming servers.
QuickTime Streaming 9 A P owerBook G4 with QuickTime Broadcaster software captures and encodes video and audio. The encoded signal is sent over an Internet Protocol (IP) network to a ser ver computer running QTS S or DS S sof tware.
10 Preface Multicast Versus Unicast QTSS and DS S support both multicast and unicast network transport to deliver streaming media. In a multicast, a single stream is shared among the clients (see illustration). Each client “tunes in” to the stream much as a radio tunes in to an FM broadcast.
QuickTime Streaming 11 Relaying Streamed Media QuickTime Streaming Server or Dar win Streaming Ser ver can be configured as a relay. A relay listens to an incoming stream and then forwards that stream to one or more destinations. A relay can reduce Internet bandwidth consumption.
12 Preface The QuickTime Suite The QuickTime suite is made up of the following components: QuickT ime Player: The free QuickTime Player is an easy-to-use application for playing, interacting with, or viewing any video, audio , virtual reality ( VR), or graphics file that is compatible with QuickTime.
QuickTime Streaming 13 m Improved stream quality : Enhancements to Apple skip-protection technology ( patent pending)—a collection of quality-of-service features-—result in even better stream quality . m P erfor mance enhancements: Overall stability and perfor mance of the ser ver has been improved.
14 Preface m The QuickTime Streaming course takes an in-depth look at QuickTime Streaming Server and Darwin Streaming Ser ver by teaching system administrators and QuickTime authors the details behind real-time streaming. F or more information, see the Resources section of the QuickTime Streaming Server product page (http:// www .
15 CHAPTER 1 1 Getting Started W elcome to QuickTime Streaming Server (QTS S) and Dar win Streaming Server (DS S). Mac OS X Server includes QTS S in its suite of ser vices. QTS S comes preinstalled on Apple server hardware and is optimized for the Power Mac G4.
16 Chapter 1 If you ’re upgrading DSS on a non-Mac OS X platfor m: The new installation overwrites the configuration files. If you want to preserve your old settings, back up your “/etc/streaming/ ” director y (for Windows, “c:Program FilesDarwin Streaming Ser ver ” director y) and merge back any customized settings.
Getting Started 17 Server Requirements QuickTime Streaming Server Y ou can use the QTSS sof tware on an Xser ve, a Macintosh Server G4, a Power Mac G4, a Macintosh Server G3, a Power Macintosh G3, an iMac, or an eMac. Mac OS X Server version 10.2 or later must be installed.
18 Chapter 1 m 128 MB of RAM (256 MB recommended for professional broadcasting). m QuickTime 6 or later . Setting Up Your Streaming Server F ollow these steps to set up your streaming server: 1 F rom Mac OS X Ser ver , click the Streaming Server Admin icon in the Dock.
Getting Started 19 8 Click Finish. The Streaming Server Admin main screen appears. “Ser ver is Running” should appear at the top of the screen. 9 If instead “Server is Idle” appears, click the Start Ser ver button to start the ser ver . The streaming server is now active and ready to stream media.
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21 CHAPTER 2 2 Managing Y our Streaming Ser ver This chapter provides information you need to complete your setup and manage your streaming server . T opics covered include m using the administration .
22 Chapter 2 2 Enter the URL for your Streaming Server Admin computer . F or example: http://hostname:1220 where hostname is the hostname or IP address of your streaming server computer and 1220 is the port number . The first time you run Streaming Ser ver Admin, the Setup Assistant prompts you for a user name and password.
Managing Your Streaming Server 23 T o select the sort order , click the arrow next to the selected column label. Changing Server Settings Y ou can click the labels along the left side of the Streaming Ser ver Admin screen to display various settings panes.
24 Chapter 2 4 Choose and enable the audio and/or video presets you want and specify an SDP file name and the buffer delay in seconds (zero for instant-on streaming). If you want to record the broadcast for future rebroadcast, specify the path to the Movies director y in the “Record to” field and select the Enabled checkbox.
Managing Your Streaming Server 25 F or Windows, install the certificate in c:Program F ilesDarwin Streaming Server streamingadminser ver .pem. F or other supported platforms, install the certificate in /etc/streaming/ streamingadminserver .pem. “Max.
26 Chapter 2 “Error L og” shows er ror and infor mational messages. Use this log to troubleshoot problems with the server . “ Access Log” shows the number of times each media file has been accessed, when it was accessed, and who has accessed it since the log was reset.
Managing Your Streaming Server 27 Other supported platforms: /var/streaming/Playlists/playlistname/ Media This section provides information you need to broadcast live or prerecorded media as streaming video and/or audio.
28 Chapter 2 Be sure to copy the files into the director y you specified for streaming. Preparing Audio MP3 audio files can be played back in an MP3 playlist and listened to using iT unes or another compatible streaming MP3 player . To prepare MP3 files: 1 Open the audio file using software that can convert it to MP3 for mat.
Managing Your Streaming Server 29 To apply hinting and export a file as a movie: 1 Import the file into QuickTime Player by choosing Import from the File menu.
30 Chapter 2 Each track in a media file must have its own hint track. F or example, a movie with one audio and one video track must have two hint tracks: one for the audio track and one for the video track. When you use QuickTime Player to export a movie as a hinted movie, QuickTime adds all the necessar y hint tracks automatically.
Managing Your Streaming Server 31 In most cases you should not modify the SDP file manually. However , if you change anything about the media you’re streaming, you must delete the SDP file, let the broadcast software create a new SDP file, and then copy this new SDP file to the media director y on your streaming server .
32 Chapter 2 3 Enter the URL for the media file (for example: rtsp://myserver .com/mymedia). 4 Replace myserver .com with the DNS name of your streaming server computer , and mymedia with the name of your hinted movie or media file. This URL assumes that the movie or media file is located at the top level of your media director y.
Managing Your Streaming Server 33 A reference movie can simply be a text file with a “.mov” filename extension (such as “ref.mov”). The format for the contents of the file is as follows: rtsptext rtsp://my .
34 Chapter 2 Playlists Playlists are sets of media files in the QTSS or DS S media folder specified to play one af ter the other or in random sequence.
Managing Your Streaming Server 35 “ W eighted R andom” broadcasts the media in random order using the specified weights to determine how of ten an item plays. The higher the weight, the more of ten the item is played. The media plays until you stop the broadcast.
36 Chapter 2 12 Click “Log this playlist’s activity ” if you want a log of the playlist’s activity. 13 Click “Send this playlist to a broadcast server ” if you want to relay the broadcast to another streaming server . Enter the name and password, if required.
Managing Your Streaming Server 37 3 If the playlist is running, click the Stop button. 4 Click Delete Playlist. Relays This section provides detailed information on setting up relays and working with relay settings, using Streaming Server Admin.
38 Chapter 2 “Relay via TCP” sets broadcasts to announce the stream to the destination computer via T CP . The destination computer must support the automatic announcing of broadcasts. F or Relay via TCP , the mount point is the path to the destination URL.
Managing Your Streaming Server 39 Turning a Relay On or Off Y ou can turn a relay on or off in the Relay Settings pane of Streaming Ser ver Admin. T o turn on a relay , click the name of the relay . Then click Edit Relay and click the Enabled checkbox to display the checkmark.
40 Chapter 2 Controlling Access to Streamed Media Y ou can set up authentication to control client access to streamed media files. T wo schemes of authentication are supported: basic and digest. By default, the server uses the more secure digest authentication.
Managing Your Streaming Server 41 T erms not in angle brackets are k eywords. Anything in angle brackets is information you supply . Save the access file as plain text (not .rtf or any other file format). message is text your users see when the login window appears.
42 Chapter 2 What Clients Need to Access Protected Media Users must have QuickTime 5 or later to access a media file for which digest authentication is enabled. If your streaming server is set up to use basic authentication, users need QuickTime 4.1 or later .
Managing Your Streaming Server 43 Alternatively, use sudo to execute the command as root. See “Executing a Command With sudo” on page 44. 2 Enter a new password for the user . The password you enter replaces the password in the file. Installing SSL SSL stands for Secure Sockets L ayer .
44 Chapter 2 <Limit WRITE> require any-user </Limit> require any-user 3 If you want to limit broadcaster access to the server , enter the following lines in the file: <Limit WRITE> require user someUserName </Limit> require any-user where someUserName is a broadcaster user name of your choosing.
Managing Your Streaming Server 45 To execute a command as root: m Open a terminal window and type sudo followed by a space and then the command you want to execute.
46 Chapter 2 Streaming Server Admin Is Not Responding m V erify that the streamingadminser ver .pl script is running. If not, log in as root (or administrator in Windows), open a terminal window , and start the Streaming Server Admin process by typing /usr/sbin/streamingadminserver.
Managing Your Streaming Server 47 m Check the playlist. If you created a looping playlist containing hinted MPEG-1 QuickTime files, QuickTime clients will likely have problems viewing the stream.
48 Chapter 2 Error code 415: The movie file is not hinted or has a compressed movie resource. Y ou need to hint the movie again using the Pro version of QuickTime Player . Alter natively, you may be attempting to natively serve MP3 files on demand (that is, as an HT TP download).
Managing Your Streaming Server 49 m If the media plays once and then stops, make sure the play mode is set to either Sequential Looped or W eighted R andom. If you broadcast the playlist as weighted random and set a value other than zero for repeated items, make sure the value is less than the number of media files in the playlist.
50 Chapter 2 3 Insert the following lines in the streamingadminserver .conf file: ssl=0 bind=<IP address to bind to> 4 Save the file as a plain text file (not .rtf or other format). 5 F or the change to tak e effect, kill the Streaming Server Admin process and then restart the server .
Managing Your Streaming Server 51 How do I kill and restart the QuickTime Streaming Server processes in Mac OS X Server? To kill the QuickTime Streaming Server (QTSS) processes: 1 Find the process ID (PID) for each process, then enter a command in T er minal to “kill” the processes and restart QTSS.
52 Chapter 2 3 Finally , restart Streaming Ser ver Admin by entering the following: streamingadminserver.pl How do I get QTSS to re-read its preferences without killing or restarting the server? One way to do this is to use Streaming Server Admin. Using your web browser , go to http:// qtss.
Managing Your Streaming Server 53 To configure QTSS to host streams from multiple media directories: 1 F or each individual user , make a local movie librar y in each user ’s home director y.
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55 CHAPTER 3 3 Setup Example This chapter describes the key components needed for a generic webcasting setup and how they are connected together . The setup instr uctions that follow assume an educational setting, such as a university campus.
56 Chapter 3 Such a setup would make it possible for students unable to attend a class in person to view it online. It would also enable students who want to review parts of the lecture later to play an archived version on their computers.
Setup Example 57 m Client computers of various types with QuickTime Player or other MPEG-4 compliant software installed can access the Xser ve streaming ser ver via the campus network. Other client computers can access the streaming server via the Inter net.
58 Chapter 3 m Windows can cause lighting problems. F or more control, you should be able to draw the blinds and supplement room lights with a portable lighting kit that can be quickly set up for a live session.
Setup Example 59 Step 3: Set Up Your Streaming Server An administrator computer must be set up before you can configure and manage your streaming server if, as in this example, the streaming server is r unning headless.
60 Chapter 3 Example for a one-hour 300-Kbps stream: 300,000 / 8 bits * 3600 = 135,000,000 bytes = 135 MB file size Many local networks these days include redundant arrays of independent disks (RAID) storage systems, which provide much larger amounts of hard disk space.
Setup Example 61 Specific ports need to be opened in the firewall to allow Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) requests from users, encoded video and audio from the broadcaster , and outbound streams to clients on the local network and the Internet.
62 Chapter 3 Will it be necessary to set up a broadcaster user account on the streaming server? In this example setup, it will be necessar y to create a broadcaster user account, because the encoding software and QTS S are on separate computers.
Setup Example 63 Lower-end D V cameras use a single charge-coupled device (CCD) to capture the complete image, whereas higher -quality cameras use three separate CCDs to scan the red, blue, and green content of the image, giving a better quality scan.
64 Chapter 3 Get a Simple Lighting Kit Even a high-quality video camera will produce poor results without proper lighting. It’s unlikely that the normal lighting available will be adequate for shooting a live presentation in a classroom, for example.
Setup Example 65 3 Click Broadcast and, if necessar y, start QTSS using Streaming Server Admin from the laptop’s browser by typing in the browser window http://streamingserverip:1220 where streamingserverip is the IP address of the streaming server .
66 Chapter 3 F rom within an embedded “reference movie,” you can direct client players to on-demand presentations encoded for different connection speeds to give users the best possible viewing experience. F or instructions on creating a web page with links to streamed media, see “Setting Up a W eb Page With Streamed Media” on page 32.
Setup Example 67 7 Click Import when you see the point in the presentation where you want to start importing. 8 Click Import again when you want to stop importing. If you get some footage that you don ’t want to include in your archived presentation, you can edit it later using iMovie.
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69 Glossar y This glossar y defines ter ms and spells out abbreviations you may encounter while working with online help or the QTSS and DSS Administrator ’s Guide.
70 Glossary broadcast user A user who has per mission to broadcast to the streaming ser ver . The broadcast user name and password are set in the General Settings pane of Streaming Server Admin and are used in conjunction with announced broadcasts. It is not necessar y to create a broadcast user for UDP broadcasts.
Glossary 71 H hinting Hinting creates a track for each streamable media track in the file that tells QuickTime Streaming Server how and when to deliver each frame of media. The hinting process perfor ms in advance the required calculations, allowing QTSS to ser ve up a larger number of streams.
72 Glossary layer A mechanism for prioritizing the tracks in a movie or the overlapping of sprites. When it plays a movie, QuickT ime displays the movie’s images according to their layer—images with lower layer numbers are displayed on top; images with higher layer numbers may be obscured by images with lower layer numbers.
Glossary 73 N, O NAT (Network Address Translation) A technique sometimes used so that multiple computers can share a single IP address. open source A ter m for the cooperative development of sof tware by the Internet community .
74 Glossary QuickTime Player An application, included with the QuickT ime system software, that plays QuickTime movies. QuickTime Pro A version of QuickT ime Player with advanced features, primarily the addition of editing capabilities.
Glossary 75 static IP address An IP address that is assigned to a computer or device once and is never changed. streaming Deliver y of video or audio data over a network in real-time, as a stream of packets instead of a single file download.
76 Glossary XLR plug A three-pin audio connector that can be used with three-wire balanced cables, which cause electro-magnetic interference to be canceled out. XML An extensible markup language, similar to HTML but more formal and more flexible. LL0329.
77 Index A access control 40–43 access errors 26 access files 40–41 access histor y log 26 “ Access L og” setting 26 address translation 45 administering streaming servers.
78 Index stopping 24 unable to connect to 47 viewing 24 browsers. See web browsers C cable modems 33 cameras DV. See DV camera tripod 62, 63 video 11 CCDs (charge-coupled devices) 62 certificate fil.
Index 79 QuickTime Broadcaster and 64 streaming presentations 56 E eMac 17 EMBED tag 32 Error .log file 26 error code 401 42 error code 404 47 error code 415 48 error code 453 48 error code 454 48 er.
80 Index IP Firewall service 60 IP packets 60 IP subnets 16 iT unes 16 K killing QTSS processes 51 killing Streaming Server Admin processes 51–52 Knowledge Base articles 13 L lighting issues 58, 64 .
Index 81 symbolic links within 52–53 “Media Director y ” setting 24 media files accessing 26 authorized users of 41 hint tracks 30 location of 24 media types in 27 mixing 28 not streaming prope.
82 Index MPEG-4 16 QuickTime. See QuickTime Player PlaylistBroadcaster process 48 playlistname.err file 26–27 playlists 34–37 access to 40 broadcasting prerecorded media with 34 creating 35–36 deleting 36 described 34 editing 36 links to 33 looping 47 movie 27 MP3.
Index 83 QuickTime streaming 7–14 See also streaming QuickTime Streaming course 14 QuickTime Streaming Server (QTS S) See also streaming servers administering.
84 Index firewalls 43, 45 Net::SSL eay 43 networks with address translation 45 OpenSSL librar y 43 passwords. See passwords proxies 43 resetting Admin user name/password 39 Secure Sockets Layer 43 st.
Index 85 viewing server activity 22 working with 21–22 streaming servers See also Darwin Streaming Ser ver; QuickTime Streaming Server; ser vers administering.
86 Index capture 17 streaming 8–9 video cameras 11 video files 59 W “ W ait for announced stream(s) ” setting 37 .wav format 28–29 web browsers administering server from 21 Internet Explorer .
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