Benutzeranleitung / Produktwartung E7401A des Produzenten Agilent Technologies
Zur Seite of 92
Sign al Anal ysi s Meas ure ment Gu ide Agilen t T ech no logies EMC Se ries Analyzer s This gu ide documents firmware revision A.08.xx This m a nual pr ovides do c ume ntatio n for the fo llowing instru ments : E7401 A (9 kHz - 1.5 GHz) E7402 A (9 kHz - 3.
2 Noti ce The i nformation c ontained in this d ocument is s ubject to chang e witho ut notic e. Agilent T echnologies makes no warra nty of any kind with regard to this materi al, inc luding but not limi ted to , the im plied warrant ies of merchantabil ity and fit ness for a partic ular pu rpose.
3 W ARNING This is a Safety Class 1 Product ( provided with a protective earth ground i ncorporated in the power cord). The mains plug shall be in serted only i n a socket out let provided wit h a protected eart h contact. Any interr uption of the protect ive conductor insi de or outside of the pr oduct is li kely to make t he produc t dangerous.
4 LIMIT A TION OF W ARRANTY The fo re g oin g war ra nty sh al l n o t appl y to de fe ct s re su l tin g fr om improper o r ina dequate maintenan ce by Buyer , Buyer -s upplied softwar e or inte rfa .
Co nt e nt s 5 1. Mak ing B asic Me asurem ent s Wh a t i s i n T his C hap ter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Te st E qui pm en t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 Con tent s Tracki ng Generat or Unleveled Condi tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6 Me as uri ng De vi ce Ba nd wi dth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 1 Making Bas ic Measurements.
8 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements What i s i n T his Chap ter What is in This Chapt er Thi s ch ap ter d e mo n st ra te s bas ic a n aly z e r m easu re m e n t s wi th examples of typ ical measur ements; each m easurement f ocuses o n differ ent func tions.
Chapter 1 9 Making B asic Measurements What is in This Chapter Te s t E q u i p m e n t T e s t E q ui pm en t S pec if i cat io ns Re co m m end e d Mo de l Signal Sour ces S i g n a l G e n e r a t o r ( 2 ) 0 .
10 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Compari ng Signal s C omp ari n g S ign als Using the analyzer , you c an easily compare frequency a nd amplitude differ ences bet ween signal s, s uch as ra dio or te levisi on signal s pectr a.
Chapter 1 11 Making B asic Measurements Comp ari ng Sign als Figure 1- 1 Placing a Marker on the 10 MH z Signal 9. Pre ss Marker , Delta , to a c tivate a s ec ond marker at the p os i tio n of t he fir st ma rke r .
12 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Compari ng Signal s Figure 1 -2 Using the Marker Del ta Function Signal Comparison Example 2: Measure the fr equency and ampl itude di fference b etween tw o signals that do not a ppear on the screen a t one ti me.
Chapter 1 13 Making B asic Measurements Comp ari ng Sign als 10. Pr ess Mar ker , Delta to anchor the posi tion of the fi rst marker a nd ac tivat e a s econ d mark er . 11 . Pr ess FREQUENCY , Ce nter Fr eq , a nd the ( ↑ ) key to in crea se the ce nt er frequency by 1 0 MHz.
14 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Resolvi ng Sign als of Equal Amplitude Resolving Sign als of E qual Amplitude T w o equal -amplitude i nput si gnals that a re close in fr equency c an ap pear as a sin gle si g nal tr ace on the ana lyzer di spl ay .
Chapter 1 15 Making B asic Measurements Resolvi ng S ignals of Equal Ampl itude Resolving Signals Exam ple: Resolve tw o signals of equal amplitude w ith a frequenc y separatio n of 100 kHz. 1. Connect two sourc es to the analyzer i nput a s shown in Figure 1 -4 .
16 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Resolvi ng Sign als of Equal Amplitude Figure 1-5 Unresolved S ignals of Equal Amplitude 4. Since the resolut ion bandwidth must be l ess than or eq ual to the frequency sep arati on of the two signal s, a resoluti on bandwidth of 100 kHz m us t be used.
Chapter 1 17 Making B asic Measurements Resolvi ng S ignals of Equal Ampl itude 5. Decreas e the vi deo bandwidth to 1 0 kH z, b y pressing Vide o B W , 10, kHz . T wo sig nal s ar e now vis ibl e as sh o w n in Figur e 1 -7 . Use the front- panel knob or step keys t o f urther re duce the r esolution bandwidth a nd better res olve the signals.
18 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Resolvi ng Small Si gnals Hi dden b y Lar ge Signals Resolvin g Sm all Signals Hidde n by Large Signals When deal ing with the resol utio n of si gnals that .
Chapter 1 19 Making B asic Measurements Resolvin g Small Sign als Hidden by Lar ge Sign als Resolving Signals Exam ple: Reso l ve two inp ut si gna ls with a fre q ue ncy se p arat ion of 155 kHz and an am plitu de separation of 60 dB. 1. Connect two sourc es to the analyzer i nput a s shown in Figure 1 -9 .
20 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Resolvi ng Small Si gnals Hi dden b y Lar ge Signals 5. Set the 3 00 MHz signal to the re ference leve l by pressi ng Mk r → and then Mkr → Ref Lvl . If a 10 kHz filter w ith a typic a l sha pe f actor of 1 5:1 i s us ed, the filt er wil l hav e a ba ndwi dth o f 150 kHz at the 60 dB poin t .
Chapter 1 21 Making B asic Measurements Resolvin g Small Sign als Hidden by Lar ge Sign als 7. Set the resol ution bandwidth to 30 kH z by pressi ng BW/A vg , Res BW , 30, kHz . When a 30 kHz filter is used, the 60 dB band width could b e as wid e as 450 kHz.
22 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Making Bet ter Frequenc y Measurements Maki ng Bett er Fr equen cy Meas ure ments A buil t-in fr equ e n cy cou n ter incre a ses the re so l u t io n an d ac cura cy of the f requency rea dout.
Chapter 1 23 Making B asic Measurements Maki ng Better Frequenc y Measur ements NOTE Ma rker count pr operly functi ons onl y on CW s ignals or discrete s pectral component s.
24 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Decreasing the Frequency Span Ar ound t he Signal Decreas i ng the Freq uency Spa n Around the Signal Us ing th e ana ly ze r s ig nal trac k f un ct io n, y ou c an qui ckly d ec r eas e th e span while keeping the si gnal at center frequenc y .
Chapter 1 25 Making B asic Measurements Decreasing the Frequency Span Around the Signal Figure 1- 14 Detected Signal 8. T urn on the f requency tracking f unction by press FREQUENCY an d Signal T rack and the si gnal will move to the center o f the sc reen, i f it is not a lrea dy posi tioned ther e.
26 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Decreasing the Frequency Span Ar ound t he Signal 9. Reduce span a nd resoluti on bandwid th to zoom i n on the m arked si g nal by p re s si ng SP AN , Spa n , 20 0, kHz . If the span chang e is la rge e nough, span wi ll decr ease in steps a s automatic zoom is completed .
Chapter 1 27 Making B asic Measurements T racki ng Drif ti ng Sign als T rackin g Driftin g Signals The signal track func tion is usef ul f or tracking drifti ng signals th at drift r elativel y slowly . T o place a marker on the si gnal you w ish to track, use P eak S earch .
28 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements T racki ng Drif t ing Signals Figure 1 - 1 7 Signal Wit h Default Span 4. Press Peak Search . 5. Set the spa n to 10 M H z by pre ssi n g SP AN , Span , 10, MH z . See Fi g ur e 1- 18 . Figure 1 - 1 8 Signal Wi th 10 MHz S pan 6.
Chapter 1 29 Making B asic Measurements T racki ng Drif ti ng Sign als Figure 1- 19 Signal W ith 50 0 k Hz Span 7. T une the frequency of the si gnal generator in 10 kHz increments. Notice that the center frequency of the a nalyzer also changes i n 10 k Hz increments, cent ering the signal with each i ncr ement.
30 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements T racki ng Drif t ing Signals 8. The signal frequenc y drift can be r ead from the scree n if both the sig nal t rac k a nd mark er d el t a fu nc ti o ns are act i ve. Se t t he a nal yze r and si gna l gen e r at o r as fo l lo w s : a.
Chapter 1 31 Making B asic Measurements T racki ng Drif ti ng Sign als d. Set the c enter f requency to 300 MHz by pressing FREQUENCY , Ce nter Fre q , 300, MH z . See Fi gure 1 -22 . Figure 1-22 Signal W it h Default Span 4. Pre ss Peak S earch . 5. Set the s pan to 10 MHz b y pressing SP A N , Sp a n , 10, MH z .
32 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements T racki ng Drif t ing Signals 6. Press SP AN , Spa n Zo om , 500, kHz . Notice t hat the si gnal has been held in the c enter o f the d isplay . See Figu re 1- 24 . Figure 1 -24 Signal Wit h 5 00 KHz Span 7. T urn off t he sig nal track func tion b y pressing FREQUENCY , Sign al T rac k (Off ).
Chapter 1 33 Making B asic Measurements T racki ng Drif ti ng Sign als Figure 1-25 V iewing a Dri fting S ignal W it h Max Hold and Clear W rite.
34 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Measuring Lo w Level Signals Measur ing Low L evel S ignals The abili ty of the analyzer to measure low level s ignals is limited by t he noise g enerated i nside t he analyzer . A signal m ay be masked b y the no ise flo or so th at it is n ot vis ibl e.
Chapter 1 35 Making B asic Measurements Measuring Lo w Le vel Signals 10. Reduce the s pan to 1 MHz. Press SP AN , Sp an , and then use the step- down key ( ↓ ) until the spa n is set to 1 MHz. See Figu re 1 -26 . Figure 1-26 Low-Level Sign al 11 . Pr ess AMPL I TUDE , Attenuation .
36 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Measuring Lo w Level Signals 12. T o see t h e s ig na l m ore cle a rly , ent e r 0 dB . Ze ro de ci bels of attenuat ion makes the s ignal more visib le.
Chapter 1 37 Making B asic Measurements Measuring Lo w Le vel Signals 9. Place the signa l at center f requency by pressing Peak Search , Marker → , Mk r → CF . 10. Pr ess BW/Avg , Res BW , a n d th e n ↓ . Th e low leve l sig nal app e a rs more cl early because the noi se l evel is reduced.
38 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Measuring Lo w Level Signals 3. On the anal yzer , perform a f acto ry preset by pressi ng Preset , Factor y Pres et ( if p r es e nt) . 4. Set the c enter f requency of the ana lyzer to 300 MHz by pressing FREQUENCY , Cen ter Freq , 300, MHz .
Chapter 1 39 Making B asic Measurements Measuring Lo w Le vel Signals NO TE The video band width must be s et wi der than the resolut ion band width w hen m eas ur ing im pu ls e n oi se l e vel s.
40 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Measuring Lo w Level Signals 1. Connect a s ignal g enerator to the ana lyzer input. 2. Set the signal gene rator freq uency to 300 M Hz with an amplitude of − 80 dBm. 3. On the anal yzer , perform a f acto ry preset by pressi ng Preset , Factor y Pres et ( if p r es e nt) .
Chapter 1 41 Making B asic Measurements Measuring Lo w Le vel Signals 11 . T o set the num ber of samples , use the numeric keypad. For example, press Average (On) , 25, Ent er . As sh o w n in Fig ure 1- 33 . Du ri ng av era gi n g, th e cur r ent sa mple numbe r ap pe ar s at the l e ft side of the g ratic ule.
42 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Ident ifying Dist ortion Produ cts Identifyin g Dist ortion Pro ducts Distortion from the Analyzer Hi gh l eve l inp ut s ign al s m ay c aus e a nal yze r dis tor tio n pro duc ts th at coul d mask the r eal disto rtion measured on the i nput sig nal.
Chapter 1 43 Making B asic Measurements Ident ifying Di sto rtion Produ cts Figure 1-34 Harmonic Distortion 8. Change the center f requen cy to the va lue of one of the o bserved har mon i cs by pre ssi n g Peak Search , Next P eak , Mark er → , Mkr → CF .
44 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Ident ifying Dist ortion Produ cts 12. T o deter mine whether the har monic distor tion p roducts are generated by the analy zer , fir st save the screen d ata in t race 2 as fo ll ows : a. Pre ss T race/View , T race (2) , then Clear W rite .
Chapter 1 45 Making B asic Measurements Ident ifying Di sto rtion Produ cts Figure 1-37 No Harmonic Distortion Third-Order Inter mod ulation Distortion T wo-tone, third- order inter modulation d istort ion is a common test i n communication s ystems.
46 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Ident ifying Dist ortion Produ cts Figure 1 -38 Third -Order Int ermodulation E quipment Setup NOTE The combiner shoul d ha ve a high deg ree of isolatio n between the two input po rt s so th e sour ce s do n o t in ter mod ul ate.
Chapter 1 47 Making B asic Measurements Ident ifying Di sto rtion Produ cts The anal yzer automati cally sets the attenuati on so that a s ignal at th e r ef ere n c e le v el wi ll b e a ma xi mu m o f − 30 d B m at t h e in pu t mixe r .
48 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Ident ifying Dist ortion Produ cts Figure 1 -40 Measuring t he Distortion Product.
Chapter 1 49 Making B asic Measurements Measuring Signal- to -No ise Me as ur ing Si gn al - to- N oi se The signal -to-no ise measurement procedure below may be a dapted to mea su re an y sig nal i n a s y st em if th e s ig nal (car rier ) i s a d is c ret e ton e.
50 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Measuring Si gnal- t o-Noise 11 . P ress More , Funct ion , Ma r k er N o is e to v iew the r es ults of the s i gna l t o noise measurement.
Chapter 1 51 Making B asic Measurements Making Noise Measurements Making Noise Measurements There are a variety of way s to measur e noise p ower . The firs t decisi on you must make i s whether you want to measure no ise power at a specific frequenc y or the total p ower over a speci fied f requency range , for exa mple over a channel bandw idth.
52 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Making No ise Measurements Fi gu re 1 -42 Sett in g the At ten ua t ion 8. Activate the nois e marker by pressi ng Ma rker , More , Fu nct ion , Mar ker Noi se .
Chapter 1 53 Making B asic Measurements Making Noise Measurements Figure 1-43 Activating the Noise Marker 9. The noi se marker v alue is based on t he mean of 5 % of t he total number of sweep poi nts centered at the marker . The points aver aged span one-half of a d ivision.
54 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Making No ise Measurements NOTE Notice the video b andwidth cha nged to 1 00 kHz. The r atio between the video b andwidth (VBW) and the resolu tion bandwidth (RBW) must be ≥ 10/ 1 to maintai n the acc uracy of t he measure ment.
Chapter 1 55 Making B asic Measurements Making Noise Measurements Figure 1-46 Noise Marker in Signal Skirt 13. Set the analyzer to zero span at the marker fr equency by p ressing Mk r → , Mkr → CF , SP AN , Zer o Sp a n , Ma rke r .
56 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Making No ise Measurements Noise Measurement Example 2: The Normal m arker can also be u sed to make a s ingle freq uency measurement as desc ribed in t he pre vious example , again using vi deo filt e r in g or av er ag ing to obt a in a re a so n abl y sta bl e m easu r eme n t.
Chapter 1 57 Making B asic Measurements Making Noise Measurements 10. Measure the power b etween m arkers by pressing Marker , Mo re , Func tion , Band Powe r . The analy zer displays t he total power between the ma rkers. Se e Fi gur e 1- 48 . 11 . Add a discrete tone to see t he eff ects of the rea ding.
58 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Making No ise Measurements Figure 1 -49 Measuring t he Power in the Span.
Chapter 1 59 Making B asic Measurements Demodulating AM Signal s (Using the Analyzer As a Fixed T uned R eceiver ) Demodulat ing AM Sign als (Using the Ana lyzer As a Fixed T uned Recei ver) The zero sp an mode c an be used to r ecover amplit ude modulation on a carr ie r si gn a l.
60 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Demodulat ing AM S ignals ( Using the An alyzer As a Fix ed T uned Receiver) b. RF Output Power – 10 dB m c. AM On d. AM Rate 1 kHz e. AM Depth 80% 2. Set the a nalyzer a s foll ows: a. Pre ss Preset , F actory Pre set (if present).
Chapter 1 61 Making B asic Measurements Demodulating AM Signal s (Using the Analyzer As a Fixed T uned R eceiver ) 6. Selec t zero sp an by ei ther pre ssing SP A N , 0, Hz ; or pressing SP AN , Zer o Span . See Fi gur e 1 -51 . 7. Change the sweep time to 5 m s by pre ssing Sweep , Sweep Time (M an ), 5, ms .
62 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Demodulat ing AM S ignals ( Using the An alyzer As a Fix ed T uned Receiver) Figure 1 -52 Measuring Modulation In Zero Span Figure 1 -53 Measuring Modulation In Zero Span 9. Use markers and d elta markers to measure the ti me par ameters of the wavef orm.
Chapter 1 63 Making B asic Measurements Demodulating AM Signal s (Using the Analyzer As a Fixed T uned R eceiver ) Figure 1-54 Measuring Ti me Parameters 10. Y ou can t u rn yo u r an al yze r i nto a % A M in d ica t o r as fo l lows : a. Set tri gger to f ree run b y pres sing Tr i g , Free Run .
64 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Demodulat ing AM S ignals ( Using the An alyzer As a Fix ed T uned Receiver) Figure 1 -55 Continuous Demodul ation of an AM Signal.
Chapter 1 65 Making B asic Measurements Demodul ating F M Sign als Demodulat ing FM S ignals As with amplit ude mod u lation (see page 59 ) y ou can utilize zer o span to demodulate an F M signal. How ever , unlike t he AM case, you cannot simply t une to the c arrier f req uency and widen the resol ution bandwidth.
66 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Demodu lating FM Si gnal s 4. Set the spa n to 1 MH z by pre ssing SP AN , Sp an , 1, MHz . 5. Se t th e Y -A x is Un it s t o dB m by p re s s in g AMPLIT UDE , Mo re, Y -Axi s Units, dBm . 6. Set the reference leve l to – 20 dB m b y pre ssing AMPLITUDE , Ref Leve l , – 20, dB m .
Chapter 1 67 Making B asic Measurements Demodul ating F M Sign als Figure 1-57 Determi ning the Offset De mo dula te the F M Sig n a l 1. Connect an antenna to the a nalyzer INPUT . 2. Perform a fact ory preset by pressi ng Pre set , Factory Prese t (i f pres ent).
68 Ch a pt er 1 Making Basic M easurements Demodu lating FM Si gnal s 12. A c tivat e sin g le swe e p b y pr essing Single . See Fi gur e 1 - 58 . Figure 1 -58 Demodulating a B roadcast Si gnal.
69 2 Maki ng Comple x Mea sur eme nts.
70 Ch a pt er 2 Making Complex Measurements What’ s in This Chapter What’ s in T his Chapte r Thi s ch ap ter p ro vi d e s in f o rm atio n fo r m aki ng co m pl ex me a sure m e n t s. The pro cedures c overed i n this c hapter are listed below .
Chapter 2 71 Making Comple x Measurements Making St im ulus Respo nse Measurements M aki ng S tim ulus R es p on se M ea s ur em en ts What Are Stimulus Re sponse Measureme nts? Stimulus response meas.
72 Ch a pt er 2 Making Complex Measurements Making St im ulus Respo nse Measurements Figure 2-1 T ransmission Measurement T est Setup 2. Perf orm a f actory preset by pressing Preset , Factory Preset ( i f p r es en t ) . 3. Se t the Y -A x is U n it s to dB m by pre ss in g AMPLIT UDE , Mo re, Y -Axi s Units, dBm .
Chapter 2 73 Making Comple x Measurements Making St im ulus Respo nse Measurements Figure 2 -2 T r ac king Generator Ou tput Power Activat ed 7. Put the sweep ti me of the a nalyz er into s timulus res ponse a uto coupl ed mo de by pre ss ing S weep , Swp Couplin g (SR).
74 Ch a pt er 2 Making Complex Measurements Making St im ulus Respo nse Measurements Figure 2-3 Decrease the Resolution Bandwidth to Improve S ensitivity 10. Y ou mig h t not ic e a de crea se in the di spl aye d am plit ud e as t h e resoluti on bandwidth i s decrea sed, ( if th e analyzer i s an E7402A, E74 03 A, E 740 4A, o r E7 405A ) .
Chapter 2 75 Making Comple x Measurements Making St im ulus Respo nse Measurements 12.Reconnect the D UT to the analyzer . Note tha t th e units of the re fe re nce lev e l h av e c hang ed to dB, indi ca ti ng t hat t his is no w a rel ative measurement.
76 Ch a pt er 2 Making Complex Measurements Making St im ulus Respo nse Measurements T r acking Generator Unleveled Cond ition When using the trac king generator , the m e ssage TG unleve led may ap pe ar .
Chapter 2 77 Making Comple x Measurements Making St im ulus Respo nse Measurements Measurements ar e made conti nuously , updating at the end of each swe e p. Thi s allows y ou to ma ke adj ust m ents a n d se e ch an g e s as t h ey happen. The si ngle s weep mode can also be used, p roviding time to stud y o r reco r d the da ta.
78 Ch a pt er 2 Making Complex Measurements Making St im ulus Respo nse Measurements NOTE T o reduc e rip ple s cau sed by so urce r etur n lo ss, use 10 dB (E 7401A ) o r 8 dB (a ll ot her model s) or greater tr acking g enerator output attenua tion.
Chapter 2 79 Making Comple x Measurements Making St im ulus Respo nse Measurements 1 1. The knob or the data entr y ke ys can be u sed to c hange the N dB value f rom − 3 dB to − 60 dB to m easure the 60 dB bandwid th of the fi lter . See Figu re 2 - 7 .
80 Ch a pt er 2 Making Complex Measurements Making St im ulus Respo nse Measurements Figure 2-8 T ransmission Measurement T est Setup 2. Perf orm a f actory preset by pressing Preset , Factory Preset (if present). 3. Se t the Y -A x is U n it s to dB m by pre ss in g AMPLIT UDE , Mo re, Y -Axi s Units, dBm .
Chapter 2 81 Making Comple x Measurements Making St im ulus Respo nse Measurements Figure 2- 9 T racking Generat or Output Power Activated in Log S weep 10.Put the sweep ti me of the a nalyzer i nto stimulus res ponse aut o coupl ed mo de by pre ss ing S weep , then Swp Co up ling (SR) .
82 Ch a pt er 2 Making Complex Measurements Making St im ulus Respo nse Measurements Figure 2-10 Normalized T race After Reconnecting DUT 14. Pre ss Ma rk er , De lt a Pa ir (R e f ), 10, MHz to p la ce the reference marker at the spec ifi ed cutoff freq uency .
Chapter 2 83 Making Comple x Measurements Making St im ulus Respo nse Measurements Figure 2 -12 Minimum Stop Band At tenuation.
84 Ch a pt er 2 Making Complex Measurements Making a R eflection Calib ration M easurement Making a Reflec tion Calib ration Measurem ent The calibra tion standard for reflec tion measurements is usually a short circu i t conn e ct e d a t the re fe re n ce pl ane (t h e po in t at wh ic h the de v ice under tes t (DUT) will b e connected .
Chapter 2 85 Making Comple x Measurements Making a Reflect ion C alibrati on Measurement Reflection Calibration 1 . C o n n e ct the DU T t o th e di rect ion a l br id g e or c o u ple r a s s h o wn in Figu r e 2-13 . T ermina te the unc onnected p ort of the D UT .
86 Ch a pt er 2 Making Complex Measurements Making a R eflection Calib ration M easurement Figure 2-14 Sh or t Circuit Normal ized Measuring the Return Loss 1. Aft er calibrat ing the system with the above proc edure, reconnect the filter in pla ce of the s hort circui t without c hanging a ny analyzer setting s.
Chapter 2 87 Making Comple x Measurements Making a Reflect ion C alibrati on Measurement Co nvert ing Retur n Los s to VSW R Re tur n l oss ca n be ex pr es s ed as a volt age s tan d in g w av e r at io (V SW R) value us ing the fol lowi ng table o r formula : Where: RL i s the measur ed return loss val ue.
88 Ch a pt er 2 Making Complex Measurements Demodu lat ing and Listeni ng to an AM Signal Demodulati ng and List ening t o an AM S ignal The func tions listed in the menu und er Det/Demod allow y ou to de mod ul at e an d he ar si gna l inf or mat ion di spla yed on t he a nal yze r .
Chapter 2 89 Making Comple x Measurements Demodulat ing and Listeni ng to an AM Signal 7. Th e si gna l is dem o du la t e d at the m ark er po siti on o n ly for t h e duration of the demod time . Use the step keys, knob, or numeric keypad to c hange the d well tim e.
90 Ch a pt er 2 Making Complex Measurements Demodu lat ing and Listeni ng to an AM Signal 1 1. P ress Det/Demo d , Detector , Samp le t o set t he detec tor mode of the ana ly ze r to S ampl e. 12. Pre ss Det/Demod , Demo d , AM . Use the f ront pane l vol ume knob to co ntro l th e s peak er vo lum e.
Chapter 2 91 Making Comple x Measurements Demodulat ing and Listeni ng to an AM Signal Figure 2- 17 Continuous Demodulati on of an AM Signal.
92 Ch a pt er 2 Making Complex Measurements Demodu lat ing and Listeni ng to an AM Signal.
Ein wichtiger Punkt beim Kauf des Geräts Agilent Technologies E7401A (oder sogar vor seinem Kauf) ist das durchlesen seiner Bedienungsanleitung. Dies sollten wir wegen ein paar einfacher Gründe machen:
Wenn Sie Agilent Technologies E7401A noch nicht gekauft haben, ist jetzt ein guter Moment, um sich mit den grundliegenden Daten des Produkts bekannt zu machen. Schauen Sie zuerst die ersten Seiten der Anleitung durch, die Sie oben finden. Dort finden Sie die wichtigsten technischen Daten für Agilent Technologies E7401A - auf diese Weise prüfen Sie, ob das Gerät Ihren Wünschen entspricht. Wenn Sie tiefer in die Benutzeranleitung von Agilent Technologies E7401A reinschauen, lernen Sie alle zugänglichen Produktfunktionen kennen, sowie erhalten Informationen über die Nutzung. Die Informationen, die Sie über Agilent Technologies E7401A erhalten, werden Ihnen bestimmt bei der Kaufentscheidung helfen.
Wenn Sie aber schon Agilent Technologies E7401A besitzen, und noch keine Gelegenheit dazu hatten, die Bedienungsanleitung zu lesen, sollten Sie es aufgrund der oben beschriebenen Gründe machen. Sie erfahren dann, ob Sie die zugänglichen Funktionen richtig genutzt haben, aber auch, ob Sie keine Fehler begangen haben, die den Nutzungszeitraum von Agilent Technologies E7401A verkürzen könnten.
Jedoch ist die eine der wichtigsten Rollen, die eine Bedienungsanleitung für den Nutzer spielt, die Hilfe bei der Lösung von Problemen mit Agilent Technologies E7401A. Sie finden dort fast immer Troubleshooting, also die am häufigsten auftauchenden Störungen und Mängel bei Agilent Technologies E7401A gemeinsam mit Hinweisen bezüglich der Arten ihrer Lösung. Sogar wenn es Ihnen nicht gelingen sollte das Problem alleine zu bewältigen, die Anleitung zeigt Ihnen die weitere Vorgehensweise – den Kontakt zur Kundenberatung oder dem naheliegenden Service.
